Iconoclasm Backwards. A Lost Memorial Site

Denkmalsturz rückwärts. Ein verlorener Gedenkort | Iconoclasme inverse. Un lieu de mémoire perdu

 

Abstract: Following the irreparable destruction of the equestrian statue depicting Wilhelm I at the Deutsches Eck (German Corner) in Koblenz, a national flag, mounted on the abandoned torso, was located there from 1953 till 1993. The memorial was a reminder of the German partition, which appeared to be temporarily insurmountable, at least in the contemporary opinion. The monument’s restoration after 1990 terminated its function as a memorial. Thus, the most prominent memorial site for Germany’s partition was lost. A scandal for Public History!
DOI: dx.doi.org/10.1515/phw-2015-4144.
Languages: English, Deutsch, Français


Following the irreparable destruction of the equestrian statue depicting Wilhelm I at the Deutsches Eck (German Corner) in Koblenz, a national flag, mounted on the abandoned torso, was located there from 1953 till 1993. The memorial was a reminder of the German partition, which appeared to be temporarily insurmountable, at least in the contemporary opinion. The monument’s restoration after 1990 terminated its function as a memorial. Thus, the most prominent memorial site for Germany’s partition was lost. A scandal for Public History!

A municipal nuisance

Koblenz’s equestrian statue, which was part of the city’s monarchist memorial site, was destroyed by artillery fire in March 1945, probably at Eisenhower’s order. According to the new Occupying Powers, it represented “imperial militarism”[1]. This was followed by years of uncertainty about the condition and future of this memorial, which gradually developed into a municipal nuisance. Possible options were its extension as a memorial to the dead of the past war or to re-design the site and include Christian symbols, as an expression of the piety that recent experience had evoked. In the long run, all such suggestions were rejected by local committees: honouring the dead would produce an atmosphere in the city – a tourist attraction – that did not correspond to the cheerful context of riverboat tourism. Thanks to the initiative of Peter Altmeier, who was the Premier of Rhineland-Palatinate at the time, a satisfactory solution for the site was finally found. Together with Theodor Heuss, Germany’s Federal President, he dedicated the Deutsches Eck as a memorial to German partition. The flag that was hoisted on the occasion should “fly until Germany was peacefully reunified”.

Memorial for German unification

Just one month after this rededication, the workers’ revolts in the GDR created their own need for symbols of unification and justified the condemnation of the increasingly rigid conditions of the partition. It is possible that exactly this rededication marked the birth of the so-called unification monuments, hundreds of which were subsequently erected throughout West Germany, most often on the initiative of the Trustees for an Indivisible Germany (Kuratorium Unteilbares Deutschland).[2] In Nipperdey’s words, this was a clearly belated realization of a “national-democratic” type of memorial,[3] which was a reminder neither of a person nor of a constitutive event but rather a lament about the pitiful circumstance of a divided nation and a demand for its reunification. The monument – a symbolic representation – became a perpetual call to reunification. Competition from numerous unification symbols (for example, the Brandenburg Gate as a motive for stick pins, or the declaration of June 17 as the annual German Reunification Day) probably obstructed the broad acceptance of the Deutsches Eck as the national memorial site for German reunification.[4]

Wilhelm redivivus

The reconstruction of the equestrian statue was consistently demanded, particularly in Koblenz. For decades, it had characterised the townscape in silhouette and seemed to be loved by its inhabitants, independent of any monarchist sentiments.[5] It obviously contained, for the city, sufficient potential for identification. At the political level, such demands could be countered for a long time with the argument that restoration was too expensive and, thus, impossible. Finally, in 1987, well-to-do publisher put an end to this: he promised to finance the construction of an exact replica of Wilhelm on his horse. This put politics under real pressure. Bernhard Vogel, the then state Premier, rejected the gift with a reference to the ongoing absence of reunification (with which, at the time, nobody had reckoned and above all, not so imminently). He felt himself bound to the 1953 dedication and continued to hold onto the memorial for German reunification. When, suddenly, the peaceful revolution of 1989 and reunification shifted the debate about the gift in a new direction, it was no longer possible to adhere to the previously held position. The reconstruction of the imperial monument was accepted, even though it did not meet with approval in all circles. A substantial historical-political controversy developed, in which opponents of the re-erection pointed, in particular, to Wilhelm’s sad reputation as the “Cartridge Prince”.[6] Nevertheless, since 1993, the monument stands in its almost original imperial condition – as if the national-democratic intermezzo about a national site for remembering reunification had never occurred.

Random playing space today

It is really regrettable that calls for an increase in added touristic value and nostalgic sentiments were able to assert themselves against an established national memorial site. Admittedly: the memorial had indeed fulfilled its original attributed function; up until reunification was completed, the flag fluttered at the Deutsches Eck, as a reminder of the mission stated in the preamble to the Constitution.[7] Attempts, undertaken after 1990, to achieve a modified continuation of the monument’s dedication as a reunification memorial failed, as did efforts to use it to recall the time of two German states, its victims and the feelings of suffering and separation that were widespread during that period. Pieces of the Berlin Wall that are located behind the monument were positioned there with these sentiments in mind, but they are probably rarely perceived as such.[8]
Thus, up until today, an official site that commemorates the decades of partition is still lacking inside the states of the ‘old’ Federal Republic, and away from the former Cold War border. A monument in Berlin that will be dedicated to unity and freedom is currently being planned; it is a national mission and will function as a national monument, but it has a different focus: it will be a reminder of the events of 1989/90, “in particular, of the bravery and civil courage of the citizens of the GDR”, as well as of the establishment of democracy following the triumph over dictatorship.[9] By contrast, the monument at the Deutsches Eck has become a randomly playable space. Today, it is used recreationally, for concerts and mass events, without iconographic or semantic questioning of the complex’s symbolic significance. Is this the status of our current memorial culture? The right to remember this, fortunately past, period of German partition and to increase the awareness of future generations for it remains unfulfilled. The legitimate desire for remembrance must not take second place behind hedonistic recreational and consumption-oriented behaviour. The Deutsches Eck has, however, despite, or maybe because of its reconstruction, the potential to (again) become such an institution and an ambivalent site for learning about German history – without having to build a new memorial site that replaces it![10]

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Further Reading

  • Eschebach, Insa: Öffentliches Gedenken. Deutsche Erinnerungskulturen seit der Weimarer Republik. Berlin 2005.
  • Zerwas, Marco: Lernort Deutsches Eck. Untersuchungen zur Variabilität geschichtskultureller Deutungsmuster. Berlin 2015 (Geschichtsdidaktische Studien, Bd. 1).

Web Resources

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[1] New York Times, 17.3.1945. “One shell blew the famous statue of Kaiser Wilhelm I., symbol of German imperial militarism, to bits.”
[2] Up until reunification in 1990, and in virtually every German district capital city, a memorial, ‘Indivisible Germany’, was built and dedicated by the local chapters of the Trustees. Both the iconography and the materials used were relatively uniform: usually, two concrete blocks were used as manifest symbols of German Partition.
[3] Nipperdey, Thomas: Nationalidee und Nationaldenkmal in Deutschland im 19. Jahrhundert. In: Historische Zeitschrift 206 (1968) 3, S. 529-585; here: pp. 559-573. “Das Volk ist Täter der denkwürdigen Tat, Stifter des Denkmals und Adressat seiner Kult- und Erziehungsidee.” Ibid. p. 560. In particular, the gradual but continual emergence of the 19th century restoration movement prevented the construction of such a monument; following numerous bourgeois initiatives to represent a unified nation in the form of a monument, and especially after the proclamation of the German Reich in 1871, the national-monarchist monument became the most prominent type of monument in the 19th century.
[4] With the aid of a nationwide fund-raising campaign, ‘Open the Gate’, which was intended to be financed primarily by selling a badge depicting the Brandenburg Gate for 20 pennies, the Trustees reminded the nation about reunification. Starting in 1954, June 17 was declared as the Day of German Reunification – a national public holiday – that commemorated the 1953 anti-Stalinist workers’ revolt in the GDR.
[5] The portrayal of Kaiser Wilhelm at the Deutsches Eck is the largest equestrian statue in the world – 32 metres high, including the base – and its prominent position at the junction of two large rivers (Rhine and Mosel) has a clear effect on the surrounding landscape.
[6] During the March Revolution of 1848, Wilhelm, who was still Crown Prince at the time, ordered the military to withdraw from Berlin and then to attack the city. Because of the salvoes that were aimed at the city, the populace bestowed the unflattering title of  “Cartridge Prince” upon him. Cf. Herre, Franz: Kaiser Wilhelm I. Der letzte Preuße. Köln 1980; here: p. 189.
[7] Preamble of the Constitution, in the version from 23.5.1949; this last amendment from 23.9.1990 was introduced because of the Unification Treaty. “The German people, in their entirety, are called upon to complete, in free self-determination, the unification and freedom of the German people.”  (“Das gesamte deutsche Volk bleibt aufgefordert, in freier Selbstbestimmung die Einheit und Freiheit des deutschen Volkes zu vollenden.”)
[8] Even in 1990, before the institution’s dissolution, the Trustees for an Indivisible Germany (Kuratorium Unteilbares Deutschland) propagated the continuation of the monument’s memorial function and arranged the addition of three segments of the Berlin Wall behind it. As a memorial to the victims of the partition between 1953 and 1989, this was intended to achieve an ongoing recognition of the spirit of the memorial and to create a connection to the memorial’s function during this period. Up till the present, these segments are located in a recess at the periphery of the monument, without any signage, and are barely accessible to passers by.
[9] The official website of the Monument for Freedom and Unity. The idea for the monument was initiated by the Deutsche Gesellschaft e.V. (The German Society; a registered association) in 1998, and, following two competitions, the federal parliament decreed that it should be built in front of the reconstructed Berlin Castle (Berliner Schloss), which, incidentally, is the site of the original Kaiser Wilhelm national monument. It is planned as a bowl that can be walked through and, under the inscription “We are the people!” (“Wir sind das Volk!”), it will become a public space for communication and encounters, a “Speaker’s Corner” for Berlin. See: http://www.freiheits-und-einheitsdenkmal.de/ (last accessed 05.05.2015). In addition, several memorial sites serve as reminders of the former inner German boundary line, the most prominent of which are probably the ‘Wall Museum’ at Checkpoint Charlie and the ‘Memorial Site Berlin Wall’ in the Bernau Street.
[10] Further details in: Zerwas, Marco: Lernort Deutsches Eck. Untersuchungen zur Variabilität geschichtskultureller Deutungsmuster. Berlin 2015 (Geschichtsdidaktische Studien, Bd. 1), S. 347-389. Using the structural alterations of the monument as a starting point, a learning scenario is developed there that makes history after 1945 accessible. For instance, the ten coats of arms, representing the ten states that constituted the “old” Federal Republic, that were mounted in 1953 in the palisade passage in the base, make it possible to experience the situation in Germany at the time (Saarland was integrated in 1957, following a referendum). They are also reminders of the real public awareness, at the time, of the loss of the former eastern territories (Silesia, East Prussia, etc.). The state flags of all 16 current federal states, with the national flag at the forefront, are constantly visible at the river junction and serve as a tangible expression of the federal structure of Germany today.

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Image Credits

© The Federal Archives of Germany, B 145 Bild F011327-0025, German Corner (1961) with national flag. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 de on Wikimedia Commons.

Recommended Citation

Zerwas, Marco: Iconoclasm backwards. A lost memorial site. In: Public History Weekly 3 (2015) 18, DOI:  dx.doi.org/10.1515/phw-2015-4144.

Copyright (c) 2015 by De Gruyter Oldenbourg and the author, all rights reserved. This work may be copied and redistributed for non-commercial, educational purposes, if permission is granted by the author and usage right holders. For permission please contact: elise.wintz (at) degruyter.com.

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Categories: 3 (2015) 18
DOI: dx.doi.org/10.1515/phw-2015-4144

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1 reply »

  1. Thanks for this article, really interesting. It reminds me of a similar argument regarding the Humboldt Forum made by Caroline Sandes in this volume https://www.academia.edu/1780921/The_Good_the_Bad_and_the_Unbuilt_Handling_the_Heritage_of_the_Recent_Past. Is there a form of erasure through reconstruction that is on the rise?

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